A
Access pathway
Navigation features that indicate the ways an item can be accessed
Active element
An operable component of the Web interface (e.g., link, button, and checkbox) that responds to a user action (e.g., keyboard command, and mouse click)
Alt attribute
An HTML attribute that provides information in an alternative format for an image on a webpage using a text display. It is used when a user cannot view an image and wants to read the text alternative instead.
Alternative Text (Alt Text)
A word or phrase (typically less than 100 characters long) used in the Alt Attribute of an image item or graphical interface element that describes its content or function in the context
ARIA
The acronym for Accessible Rich Internet Applications, it is a set of attributes that define ways to make web content and web applications more accessible to people with disabilities.
Audio description
Narration describing visual details portrayed in a video
Auto-completion
It is a feature that application or search algorism predicts the rest of a word which a user is typing now and then fills the rest of a word automatically.
Auto-suggestions
It is a search feature that a search engine predicts what a user would query and then provide a list of suggestions as a user types.
B
Breadcrumb
It is a text path of the current page or content that usually located at the top of a page for providing where a user is on the digital library.
Browsing/Browse category
A function or feature that organizes the digital collections in a digital library for easier skimming and indicates how to interact with its structural elements
BVI
The acronym for Blind and Visually Impaired, it refers to BVI users who rely on screen readers to understand DL content.
C
Caption
A text transcription for the audio track of a movie or video that synchronizes with the audio of a video. Captions are designed to ensure the viewer can understand all of the essential audio in the video, including not only the spoken audio but also the non-speech sounds that are essential to the understanding of the video and are normally shown in brackets.
Color contrast
The difference in luminance between two colors (adjacent or overlaid)
Content change indicator
A cue, such as a sound alert and notification that informs or provides awareness to BVI users when dynamic content is changing within a page without a user’s input
Context-sensitive help
A help function that delivers immediate assistance to the user without the user having to leave the current context they are working in
CSS
The acronym for Cascading Style Sheets. It is used to format webpage layouts by defining styles for text, tables, and other elements in a webpage’s HTML.
D
DCMI
The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. It is a set of fifteen core elements for describing resources for metadata design across the metadata ecology.
Description
It is one of the metadata elements which offer text summary for a digital object.
DL(s)
The acronym for Digital Library or Digital Libraries
Dynamic Features
Features of a digital library, such as a Play button, a Flash player, or a banner, that change their content with or without a user’s input
E
F
Faceted(-based) search/Faceted-based browsing
A search feature that allows users to refine their search results by applying one or more filters, such as subjects and creators, of their choice
Factor(s)
A cause(s) leading to a help-seeking situation
Functional description
A description that explains a function and its role (what it is, how it works) in a digital library
G
Guideline or Design Recommendations
A general design suggestion to ensure the accessibility and usability of a DL and its components
H
Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR)
Technology that transcribes handwritten text contained in scanned images into digital text
High-quality recognition
A high resolution setting for image scanning and text recognition. For digital images, the recommended scan level is at least 400 dpi for high quality.
HTML
The acronym for Hyper Text Markup Language – the language in which many web pages are written
I
Image description
A text statement that provides detailed description of an image, and it is one element of the metadata
Interactive audio
A sound technology that creates audio in real-time in reaction to a user’s action or changes in the digital environment
Intuitive label
A label of the feature, based on common knowledge or a given title name, which is as close to the targeted user’s expectation as possible
Item
An information object such as an article, video, or image within a digital collection
J
JAWS
The acronym for Job Access with Speech (Screen Reader program). One of the screen readers for blind and visually impaired users.
K
Keyboard accessible elements
All the elements and functions in a digital library, such as clickable icons and buttons, which are navigable and operable by keyboard without any interruption
L
Label
A classifying phrase or name applied to elements and functions; a tag in HTML that denotes a specific portion of code
Location Indicators
Indicators that provide the exact location or position within a digital library that a user is currently interacting with
M
Metadata
Commonly called ‘data about data,’ it includes structured data to describe and organize resources in the digital environment and enables users to discover and use the content of digital libraries.
MIME
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension is an internet standard of the format of files for transmitting with standard protocols such as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
N
Navigation indicators
An indicator that shows where a user is currently located in a digital library and which sections they have browsed through
O
OCR
The acronym for Optical Character Recognition. It is a method to convert physical text, such as printed text or handwritten text, to digital text by scanning physical documents.
Online item filter
A filter that shows whether an item can be available online or only offline, or both. It can also provide file formats, such as HTML, Word, or PDF.
P
Portable Document Format that is used to display documents in an electronic form
Placeholder text
A character, word or sentence that temporarily fills the space in a box until it is ready to be used
Pre-existing text
Text, such as a placeholder text or a previous search term input by the user, which is already listed in a digital library’s input box or search box
Previous experience
Knowledge and skills that a user gained from performing the activities of a prior task or work in DLs or other types of IR systems
Q
R
Rationale or Objective
A set of reasons or logics behind the creation of guideline in order to address a specific type of help-seeking situation
Recommended Features
Suggested DL features to implement a specific technique or method
Retrieval Knowledge
Knowledge related to how to search for information
S
Screen reader
A software program that reads textual information through synthesized speech and offers specialized keyboard commands to operate a computer interface
Scanned image
A digitized version of an image created using a scanning device or a digital camera
Search Instruction/search tips
An explanation of how to use search tools or functions in a digital library
Search jargon explanation
Explanation for specialized language, vocabulary, or terms that are used for search functions or search methods
Search term display
A populated list of suggested search terms that automatically appear in a search box after a user enters a query in a digital library
Semantic markup
It is a way of coding or structuring HTML elements in a website for clearly describing HTML elements’ meaning or purpose in a human-readable and machine-readable.
Sitemap
It is a webpage where a digital library provides information about the list of websites in the digital library.
Skeleton screen
A version of the UI that does not contain actual content but it is a method of displaying what content is to come and reduce cognitive load
Skip-link for visual items
A feature that allows a user to jump to visual items, such as images
Snippet/summary
A brief description that summarizes a list of items, search results, or collections
Sorting options
Arranging or ordering information or data by certain criteria, such as time or publication year
Speech recognition technique
A technique that converts an analog speech signal to a digital sequence of words using computer programs
Static content
Content that can be delivered to an end user without having to be generated, modified, or processed
Structure description
A statement for providing information on a current interface framework and layout of a digital library
Subtitle
A text description displays at the bottom of a video screen that translates or transcribes the audio dialogue, and it synchronizes with the audio of a video. It does not include non-speech elements.
T
Techniques and Methods
Ways to comply with a specific DL design guideline
Transcript
A text script that is derived from audio tracks or scanned documents
U
V
W
WAI
The acronym for Web Accessibility Initiative. The organization is under World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and it is for improving the accessibility of the Web for people with disabilities.
WAVE
A Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool from WebAIM
WCAG
The acronym for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. These are guidelines created by W3C to increase accessibility in the web environment for users who have difficulty accessing information resources on the web.
X
XML
Extensible Markup Language is a markup language like HTML, but it was designed for storing data using a defined set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
Y
Z
References
3PlayMedia. (2018). Transcription vs. Captioning – What’s the Difference?. Retrieved from https://www.3playmedia.com/2018/10/10/transcription-vs-captioning/
ABBYY. (n.d.). What is OCR and OCR technology? Retrieved from https://www.abbyy.com/en-us/finereader/what-is-ocr/
American Foundation for the Blind. (n.d.). Screen readers. Retrieved from https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/using-technology/assistive-technology-products/screen-readers
Baker, J. (2018). The science of color contrast – an expert designer’s guide. Retrieved from https://medium.muz.li/the-science-of-color-contrast-an-expert-designers-guide-33e84c41d156
Berkeley Web Access. (2014). What is a screen reader anyway? Retrieved from https://webaccess.berkeley.edu/ask-pecan/what-is-a-screen-reader
Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved from https://www.interproinc.com/blog/translation-techniques
Collins. (n.d.). Context-sensitive. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/context-sensitive
Colorsontheweb. (n.d.). Color Contrast. Retrieved from www.colorsontheweb.com/Color-Theory/Color-Contrast
Computer Hope. (2019). Placehoder text. Retrieved from https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/plactext.htm
Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Intuitive. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/intuitive?s=ts
Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Jargon. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/jargon
Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Search Term. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/search-term?s=t
Dictionary.com. (n.d.). subtitle. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/subtitle?s=t
Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Caption. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/caption
Docparser. (n.d.). What is OCR and What is it used for?. Retrieved from https://docparser.com/blog/what-is-ocr/
Dynamsoft. (2016). Recommended scan settings for the best OCR accuracy. Retrieved from https://www.dynamsoft.com/blog/insights/scan-settings-for-best-ocr-accuracy/
Epublisher. (2019). Understanding Context-Sensitive Help. Retrieved from https://www.webworks.com/Documentation/Reverb/index.html#page/Preparing%20and%20Publishing%20Content/Preparing%20FrameMaker%20Files.2.41.htm
Freecodecamp. (n.d.). Basic HTML and HTML5:Add placehoder text to a text field. Retrieved from https://learn.freecodecamp.org/responsive-web-design/basic-html-and-html5/add-placeholder-text-to-a-text-field/
Gaikwad, S., Gawali, B., Yannawar, P. (2010). A review on Speech Recognition Technique. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1062/8132a34301f66a0af4bc485f05e3988cdc44.pdf
Gibb, R. (2016). What is Static Content? Retrieved from https://blog.stackpath.com/static-content/
Henri. (2016). 25 Examples of excellent navigation indicator designs. Retrieved from https://bashooka.com/inspiration/25-examples-of-excellent-navigation-indicator-designs/
Mathieu. (2016). 7 Translation techniques to facilitate your work. Retrieved from https://culturesconnection.com/7-translation-techniques/
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Description. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/description
Projectbarbq.com. (2003). Group report: What is IS Interactive Audio? And What Should It Be?. Retrieved from https://www.projectbarbq.com/bbq03/bbq03r5.htm
Raventools. (n.d.). What is the ALT Attribute?. Retrieved from https://raventools.com/marketing-glossary/alt-attribute/
Ross, Rob. (2001). Interactive Music…er, Audio. Retrieved from https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131489/interactive_musicer_audio.php
TechTerms. (n.d.). CSS. Retrieved from https://techterms.com/definition/css
Thomas Walker (2017). Enhance Your User Help Experience with Context-Sensitive Help in Confluence. Retrieved from https://www.k15t.com/blog/2018/02/enhance-your-user-help-experience-with-context-sensitive-help-in-confluence
Veroniiica. (2018). How to write alt text and image descriptions for the visually impaired. Retrieved from https://www.perkinselearning.org/technology/blog/how-write-alt-text-and-image-descriptions-visually-impaired
W3C. (2001). Metadata and Resource Description. Retrieved from https://www.w3.org/Metadata/
W3C. (2003). WAI (Printable) Glossary. Retrieved from https://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/Glossary/printable.html
W3C. (2008). 2.1.1.Keyboard. Retrieved from https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/#keyboard-operation-keyboard-operable
W3C. (2016). WAI-ARIA Overview. Retrieved from https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/aria/
W3schoos.com. (n.d.). HTML <img> alt Attribute. Retrieved from https://www.w3schools.com/tags/att_img_alt.asp
Watson, L. (2005). What is a screen reader?. Retrieved from https://www.nomensa.com/blog/2005/what-screen-reader
WebAIM. (n.d.). Keyboard Accessibility. Retrieved from https://webaim.org/techniques/keyboard/
WhatIS.com. (2012). alt text (alternative text). Retrieved from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/alt-text-alternative-text
WordStream. (n.d.). Search Term:What are Search Term?. Retrieved from https://www.wordstream.com/search-term
Xie, I., Babu, R., Joo, S. & Fuller, P. (2015). Using digital libraries non-visually: understanding the help-seeking situations of blind users. Information Research, 20(2), paper 673. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1065689.pdf
Xie, I., & Matusiak, K. (2016). Discover digital libraries: Theory and practice. Elsevier.