Week 7:
WORLDS IN COLLISION: PAPACY AND EMPIRE, 1000-1300
Music:
Offertorium: Letentur celi et exultet terra, in the Old Roman chant (6th cent.?) that accompanied the papal liturgy until the 14th century (6:35 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfCn8KConhE
Gregorian chant, by the monks of the Cistercian abbey of Stift Heiligenkreuz, near Vienna (3:45 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiRpXsWlZK4&feature=related
Gregorian chant, by monks of the Benedictine abbey of St-Pierre de Solesmes, France (12:44 min.):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6zLSPxNBCI
The Investiture Controversy:
| 1046 | Emperor Henry III (r. 1039-1056) deposes 3 rival claimants to papacy and appoints German reform pope |
| 1054 | Pope Leo IX’s legate to Constantinople, Humbert of Silva Candida, excommunicates the Patriarch for refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope |
| 1059 | Papal election decree |
| 1075 | Beginning of Investiture Controversy: Pope Gregory VII(Hildebrand, r.1073-85) vs. Emperor Henry IV (1050-1106) |
| 1075 or 1090: | Dictatus papae (Dictates of the Pope) |
| 1070s: | Gregory VII prohibits lay investiture |
| Jan.-Feb. 1076: | exchange of letters between Henry IV and Gregory VII |
| January 1077: | meeting at Canossa, the castle of Countess Matilda of Tuscany (1046-1115) |
| 1084: | siege of Rome by Henry IV, who is chased away by the pope’s Norman ally, Robert Guiscard |
| 1085: | death of Gregory VII in exile at Salerno |
| 1122 | Concordat of Worms, between Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II: formally resolves Investiture Controversy |
The papacy becomes stronger following the Investiture Controversy::
8 major church councils summoned by popes in 12th-13th cent., at Rome, Lyons, and Vienne, beginning in 1123 with the 1st Lateran Council at Rome
Rediscovery of Justinian’s codification of Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis, mid 500s) leads to rise in study of both civil (secular) law and canon (ecclesiastical) law, especially at Bologna, where Gratian completed his codification of canon law (the Decretum) in 1140. Many popes of 12th-13th cent. are canon lawyers.
Papacy claims to inherit vast estates from Countess Matilda of Tuscany, but must contend with rival heir, Emperor Henry V; papacy also claims general dominion over all of Italy (relying on forged 8th-century “Donation of Constantine”)
The empire becomes weaker following the Investiture Controversy:
Henry IV (d. 1106) and Henry V (d. 1125) increasingly lose control over both clergy and aristocracy; they rely on knightly royal servants (“ministerials”) and try to build good relations with towns by granting many urban charters
Henry V also loses much control over Lombardy (N. Italy), where townspeople established free communes under nominal imperial control
Death of Henry V without heir in 1125 leads to return to custom of electing German kings, which leads to intense rivalry between two ducal houses: Welf of Saxony and Hohenstaufen of Swabia
Online readings:
Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida excommunicates the Patriarch of Constantinople, 1054
and Papal election decree, 1059
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/the-papacy-in-the-mid-eleventh-century/
Dictatus papae (Dictates of the Pope), 1075 or 1090
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/g7-dictpap.asp
Gregory VII prohibits lay investiture, 1070s
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/g7-reform2.asp
Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, 24 Jan. 1076
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/henry4-to-g7a.asp
Gregory VII deposes Henry IV, 22 Feb. 1076
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/g7-ban1.asp
Music from 12th-cent. Sicily (Troparium de Catania, now Madrid, National Library, MS 19421):
Congaudentes jubilemus (2:14 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2GdqVIuHuU&feature=related
Tammuriddara — Assumata di lu corpu di la tunnara — Navaii (7:02 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=absvjrfRgwo
| 1140s-1155 | Communal rebellion in Rome vs pope, led by Arnold of Brescia, who wants to restore Church to state of apostolic poverty; rebellion ended when Pope Hadrian IV (1154-9) puts Rome under interdict and, with Emperor Frederick I, hunts Arnold down and executes him, marking end of papal alliance with urban reforms |
| 1152-1190 | Emperor Frederick I “Barbarossa” (Hohenstaufen duke of Swabia) Major goals: control of German nobility, of Italy, and of papacy |
| 1162 | Besieges and burns Milan |
| 1176 | Loses Battle of Legnano vs. Lombard League, leading to independence for Lombard cities |
| late 1170s | Marries his son, later Henry VI, to Constance, Norman heiress of Sicily and S. Italy |
| 1180 | Crushes rival Henry “the Lion,” Welf duke of Saxony |
| 1190 | Drowns on way to Third Crusade |
| 1159-1181 | Pope Alexander III Canon lawyer, and Barbarossa’s greatest opponent; ally of Lombard League |
| 1190-1197 | |
| 1198-1216 | Pope Innocent III University-trained theologian and canon lawyer; most powerful medieval popePreaches 3 Crusades:
Places England and France under interdicts, forcing King John of England to grant England to pope as papal fief and to accept pope’s nominee for archbishopric of Canterbury; and forcing King Philip II “Augustus” of France to take back his repudiated wife, Ingeborg of Denmark Attempts to decide disputed Imperial election, supporting first Welf candidate, Otto of Brunswick (1209), and, when Otto breaks promise not to claim Sicily and S. Italy, switches support to Hohenstaufen candidate, Frederick II (son of Henry VI, b. 1197) Pope’s allies Philip II of France and Frederick II of Sicily win Battle of Bouvines (1214) against Otto of Brunswick and John of England Supports new mendicant orders (Dominicans and Franciscans) Convenes 4th Lateran Council (1215), whose canons include:
(Click here for summaries of all 70 canons of Lateran IV, plus some additional crusading statutes) |
| 1215-1250 |
Emperor Frederick II of Sicily (=Hohenstaufen, grandson of Barbarossa)Brilliant administrator; founder of University of Naples; establishes uniform legal code (Constitution of Melfi); successful “checkbook” Crusader; author and intellectual Loses control of German princes and towns; loses control of Lombard towns; impoverishes Sicily through taxation; excommunicated and ordered deoposed by Council of Lyons (1245), leading to revolts against him throughout his dominions (Click here for images of Frederick’s coronation gloves) |
| 1250-1300 | Decline of papacy and Holy Roman Empire: |
| after 1250 |
N. Italy broken up into independent and competitive city-states; pope offers crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, younger brother of Louis IX of France, but Sicilian revolt in 1282 leads to 20-year “War of the Sicilian Vespers,” resulting in Angevin kingdom of Naples, and Aragonese kingdom of Sicily Papacy’s direct involvement in heavy clerical taxation, political scheming, interdicts, and European wars damages its spiritual prestige and moral standing |
| 1254-73 | Imperial Interregnum |
| 1273-1291 |
Rudolf of Habsburg elected emperor (Habsburg dynasty survives until 1918) |
| 1294-1303 | Pope Boniface VIII, a canon lawyer, challenges Philip IV “the Fair” of France and Edward I “Longshanks” of England over clerical taxation and papal supremacy: |
| 1296 | Papal bull Clericis laicos forbids kings to tax clergy |
| 1302 | Papal bull Unam sanctam claims that papal supremacy is necessary for every human’s salvation |
| 1303 | Philip IV’s Estates-General convicts Boniface VIII of numerous crimes, and French force briefly captures pope at Anagni; he is rescued but dies soon after |
| 1305 | French-affiliate pope elected, and papacy moves headquarters from Rome to Avignon |
Online readings:
Innocent III (r. 1198-1216): On papal power
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/pope-innocent-iii/
Frederick Barbarossa: On keeping the peace, 1152-7
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/peace.asp
Innocent III: Canons of the 4th Lateran Council, 1215
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lat4-select.asp
Salimbene, Chronicle: Description of Frederick II
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/salimbene1.asp