Week 4: Tuesday
Music of the Crusades:
Crucem sanctam subiit (Templar antiphon? mid 12th cent., 8:14 min.):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmNUhVOFHBM
Thibaut, count of Champagne (1201-53), Seigneurs, sachiez qui or ne s’en ira (3:44 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-gTUUgZCQo&feature=related
Chevalier mult estez quariz (2:23 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbbhcOMljgE
Trailer for French TV series “Thibaud ou les Croisades” (1968; 0:30 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q22FxOdEYLc&feature=related
The First Crusade:
| 1071 | Seljuk Turks smash Byzantine army at Manzikert, and conquer Palestine (including Jerusalem) from Fatimid caliphate of Egypt |
| 1095 | Pope Urban II receives appeal for help from Byzantine emperor; at church council at Clermont in Nov. 1095 he calls for Christian reconquest of the Holy Land (First Crusade) |
| 1095-6 | Peasants’ Crusade (or “Paupers'” or “People’s” Crusade), led by Peter the Hermit and Walter sans Avoir, slaughters Jews in the Rhineland. Many turn back or are killed in the Balkans; one group (led by Walter) reaches Constantinople, but most are killed near Nicaea by the Turks |
| 1096-9 | First Crusade, led by Norman and French barons and knights, conquers Syro-Palestine, including Jerusalem, and divides it up into four Crusader States: kingdom of Jerusalem, principality of Antioch, county of Tripoli, and county of Edessa |
Online readings:
Robert the Monk, Historia Hierosolymitana (c. 1120): Pope Urban II’s speech at Clermont, 1095
Map of the First Crusade, 1095-99
Ekkehard of Aurach, Hierosolymita (early 1100s): The first Crusaders
Fulk of Chartres: The Capture of Jerusalem in 1099, and the Latins in the East
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk2.asp
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk3.asp
Thursday:
THE LATER CRUSADES; THE INQUISITION
THE LATER CRUSADES:
1147-8 Fall of county of Edessa to Muslims (1144) leads to 2nd Crusade:
Preached by St. Bernard of Clairvaux
Led by King Louis VII of France (accompanied by wife Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine)
and Emperor Conrad III of Germany
Main achievement: capture of Lisbon
1170s-80s Re-unification of Muslim state in Egypt under Saladin (d. 1193)
1187 Saladin crushes Crusader army at Hattin and re-conquers much of Crusader States,
including Jerusalem, leading to:
1189-93 Third Crusade, led by King Richard I (“the Lionheart”) of England, Philip II (“Augustus”)
of France, and Emperor Frederick I (“Barbarossa”) of Germany:
Barbarossa drowns on way to Crusade (1190)
Philip leaves Crusade early to attack Richard’s castles in Normandy
Richard takes Acre, makes treaty with Saladin and returns to confront
Philip, but is captured and held for ransom in Dürnstein Castle (Austria) by Barbarossa’s son, Henry VI
1201-4 Fourth Crusade, preached by Pope Innocent III and led by lesser princes (including
Baldwin, Count of Flanders):
Diverted first to Zara (to repay Venetians for fleet), and then to Constantinople
(to intervene in dynastic dispute). Constantinople captured and looted, 1204, and Latin dynasty rules
there until 1261. The loot included numerous relics, such as the head of St. John the Baptist, and
4 gilded bronze horses, which were used to decorate St. Mark’s Cathedral in Venice.)
1209-29 Albigensian Crusade, preached by Pope Innocent III against Cathars (rather
successful; also extended French royal authority into S. France; > Inquisition)
1212 Crusade against Muslims in Spain, preached by Pope Innocent III (successful);
“Children’s Crusade” (hopeless)
1217-21 Fifth Crusade: in Egypt (failure)
1229 Emperor Frederick II purchases possession of Jerusalem (it falls again to Muslims in 1244)
1248, 1270 Two Crusades (to Egypt and Tunis) led by King Louis IX (St. Louis) of France — both failures. King Louis is captured and
held to ransom in the first, and dies of illness in the second.
1291 Fall of last Crusader stronghold (Acre)
Online readings:
Annales Herbipolenses, 1147: A hostile view of the 2nd Crusade, by an anonymous annalist of
Würzburg
De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum: Eyewitness account of the capture of Jerusalem
by Saladin, 1187
Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi (Itinerary of the Travels and Deeds of King
Richard): Richard the Lionheart makes peace with Saladin, 1192
THE INQUISITION:
12th cent. Rediscovery in the West of codification of Roman law (produced in Constantinople
under Emperor Justinian in mid 500s) leads to rapid development of civil (secular)
and canon (ecclesiastical) law, and election of canon lawyers to high church
office, including the papacy.
1215 Pope Innocent III (a canon lawyer) convenes the 4th Lateran Council, the most
important church council held in medieval Europe. It passes a series of canons (church
laws), one of which (Canon 21) requires that all Christians shall make confession and
take Communion at least once a year, at Easter, on pain of excommunication. This
provides a legal basis for the Inquisition, which is established in the 1220s to
identify and eliminate all heresies and heretics.
Online readings:
The development of the Inquisition:
Decree of the Council of Toulouse (1229)
Gregory IX sends Domincan friars as Inquisitors to France (1233)
Bernard Gui, Inquisitor’s Manual (c. 1307-23):
the heresies of the Waldensians or Poor Men of Lyon
the Cathars or Albigensians
Bernard Gui, Inquisitor’s Manual (c. 1307-23):
inquisitorial technique
(Notice the very sophisticated legal and interrogation skills displayed here by Bishop Gui in this text.)
Annales Herbipolenses, 1147: A hostile view of the 2nd Crusade, by an anonymous annalist of Würzburg
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1147critic.asp
De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum: Eyewitness account of the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, 1187
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1187saladin.asp
Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta Regis Ricardi (Itinerary of the Travels and Deeds of King Richard): Richard the Lionheart makes peace with Saladin, 1192
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1192peace.asp