Week 13: Tuesday

Music:

“Due ancoliti“: music from 14th-century Italy (4:57 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQtpphLG3KA

Josquin des Pres (fl. 1459-d. 1521), “Mirabilia testimonia” (9:47 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBwfZQ_bfXw

1300: Medieval population at its peak

Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII (click here for information on the papal tiara and its triple crown):

1294-1303	Pope Boniface VIII, a canon lawyer, challenges Philip IV “the Fair” of France and Edward I “Longshanks” of England over clerical taxation and papal supremacy:
1296	Papal bull Clericis laicos forbids kings to tax clergy
1300	Boniface declares the first Papal Jubilee Year in Rome; offers penitent pilgrims visiting Rome a remission of their sins through indulgences that remitted time in Purgatory (by pope’s drawing on the Treasure House of Merit, first proposed c. 1230 by the Dominican Hugh of St-Cher)
1302	Papal bull Unam sanctam claims that papal supremacy is necessary for every human’s salvation
1303	Philip IV’s Estates-General convicts Boniface VIII of numerous crimes, and a French force briefly captures the pope at Anagni; he is rescued but dies soon after
1305	French-affiliate pope elected, and papacy moves headquarters from Rome to Avignon

14th century crises include:

Great Famine (1315-22)

Great Plague or “Black Death” (1347-49).

Conflict over ecclesiastical wealth and papal power epitomized by:

1323 Spiritual Franciscans declared heretics
1324 Marsiglio (Marsilius) of Padua’s Defensor Pacis

Outbreak of 100 Years’ War between France and England (1337-1453) (see map and 15th-cent. illustration of the Battle of Crécy, 1346)

“Babylonian Captivity” of papacy in Avignon, 1309-76 (click for murals by Matteo Giovanetti, 1340s, in the chapel of St-Jean and papal suite) ended by Gregory XI’s return to Rome at the urging of the lay ascetic and mystic St. Catherine of Siena (1347-80). (Click here for a photo of St. Catherine’s mummified head in the church of St. Dominic in Siena.)

Beginning of Papal Schism (1378-1415) with uncanonical election of Urban VI

Peasant revolts and urban riots

Rise of Lollardy (Council of Constance, 1414-18, condemned and burned John Wycliffe‘s follower, Jan Hus)

15th-century crises include:

Conciliar movement (launched by Council of Pisa, 1409, called to heal Papal Schism; ended with Council of Basel, 1431-49, after which popes dispensed with councils)

Online readings:

Boniface VIII: Clericis laicos, 1296
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/b8-clericos.asp

Boniface VIII: Unam sanctam, 1302
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/b8-unam.asp

Petrarch’s invectives against Avignon
http://pantherfile.uwm.edu/carlin/www/Petrarch.htm

Marsiglio of Padua, Defensor pacis (1324): Conclusions
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/marsiglio1.asp