Week 13: Tuesday
Music:
“Due ancoliti“: music from 14th-century Italy (4:57 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQtpphLG3KA
Josquin des Pres (fl. 1459-d. 1521), “Mirabilia testimonia” (9:47 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBwfZQ_bfXw
1300: Medieval population at its peak
Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII (click here for information on the papal tiara and its triple crown):
| 1294-1303 | Pope Boniface VIII, a canon lawyer, challenges Philip IV “the Fair” of France and Edward I “Longshanks” of England over clerical taxation and papal supremacy: |
| 1296 | Papal bull Clericis laicos forbids kings to tax clergy |
| 1300 | Boniface declares the first Papal Jubilee Year in Rome (illustration from Cronica di G. Sercambi); offers penitent pilgrims visiting Rome a remission of their sins through indulgences that remitted time in Purgatory (by pope’s drawing on the Treasure House of Merit, first proposed c. 1230 by the Dominican Hugh of St-Cher) |
| 1302 | Papal bull Unam sanctam claims that papal supremacy is necessary for every human’s salvation |
| 1303 | Philip IV’s Estates-General convicts Boniface VIII of numerous crimes, and a French force briefly captures the pope at Anagni; he is rescued but dies soon after |
| 1305 | French-affiliate pope elected, and papacy moves headquarters from Rome to Avignon |
14th century crises include:
Great Famine (1315-22)
Great Plague or “Black Death” (1347-49).
Conflict over ecclesiastical wealth and papal power epitomized by:
1323 Spiritual Franciscans declared heretics
1324 Marsiglio (Marsilius) of Padua’s Defensor Pacis
Outbreak of 100 Years’ War between France and England (1337-1453) (see map and 15th-cent. illustration of the Battle of Crécy, 1346)
“Babylonian Captivity” of papacy in Avignon, 1309-76 (click for murals by Matteo Giovanetti, 1340s, in the chapel of St-Jean and papal suite) ended by Gregory XI’s return to Rome at the urging of the lay ascetic and mystic St. Catherine of Siena (1347-80). (Click here for a photo of St. Catherine’s mummified head in the church of St. Dominic in Siena.)
Beginning of Papal Schism (1378-1417) with uncanonical election of Urban VI; ends at Council of Constance (1414-18) with deposition of 3 rival popes and election of Martin V(1417-31) as sole pope.
Peasant revolts and urban riots
Rise of Lollardy (Council of Constance, 1414-18, condemned and burned John Wycliffe‘s follower, Jan Hus)
15th-century crises include:
Conciliar movement (launched by Council of Pisa, 1409, called to heal Papal Schism; ended with Council of Basel, 1431-49, after which the popes dispensed with councils)
Online readings:
Boniface VIII: Clericis laicos, 1296
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/b8-clericos.asp
Boniface VIII: Unam sanctam, 1302
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/b8-unam.asp
Petrarch’s invectives against Avignon
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/the-avignonese-papacy/
Marsiglio of Padua, Defensor pacis (1324): Conclusions
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/marsiglio1.asp
Thursday:
Music:
Johannes Ciconia, born in Liège c. 1370 , active at the papal court and elsewhere in N. Italy; died in Padua in 1412:
“Gloria” (3:07 min.):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqiQIuCV9rM
“Doctorum principem” (2:54 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXgMoJYQt1A&feature=relmfu
“O Petre antistes inclite” (2:48 min.):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olO6xgGTXs0&feature=relmfu
Online readings:
St. Catherine of Siena beseeches Gregory IX to return to Rome
The origins of the Great Schism: Manifesto of the revolting cardinals, 1378 (click here for a map showing the Schism’s religious divisions)
Jean Petit, “The Complaint of Lady Church,” 1393: Satire on the multiple popes of the Great Schism
Powers of the Council of Pisa, 1409 (click here for a map)
Jan Hus: Reply to the synod of Prague, 1413; and last words at the stake at the Council of Constance (convened by Sigismund, King of Germany and of the Romans, who had given Hus a safe-conduct), 1415
